The White House and intelligence officials have rejected Edward Snowden's plea for clemency, saying he should face justice for disclosing classified documents.
The former National Security Agency contractor has called for international support to stop what he says is Washington's "persecution" of him.
White House adviser Dan Pfeiffer said: "Mr Snowden violated US law. He should return to the US and face justice."
He added that no offers for clemency were being discussed.
Snowden's revelations, including allegations that the US has eavesdropped on allies including German Chancellor Angela Merkel, have led to calls by allies to cease such spying.
The disclosures also prompted moves by Congress to overhaul US surveillance laws and curb the agency's powers.
The revelations have led to protests in the US and abroad The head of the Senate Intelligence Committee said if Snowden had been a true whistle-blower, he could have reported it to her committee privately.
"That didn't happen, and now he's done this enormous disservice to our country," said Senator Dianne Feinstein.
"I think the answer is no clemency."
The chairman of the House Intelligence Committee, Mike Rogers, called clemency for Snowden a "terrible idea".
"He needs to come back and own up," said Mr Rogers.
"If he believes there's vulnerabilities in the systems he'd like to disclose, you don't do it by committing a crime that actually puts soldiers' lives at risk in places like Afghanistan."
The US has charged Snowden with espionage. But to his supporters the 30-year-old, who was granted asylum in Russia for at least a year, is a human rights champion.
The NSA has allegedly listened in on Angela Merkel's phone calls In A Manifesto For The Truth published in German news magazine Der Spiegel on Sunday, Snowden said current debates about mass surveillance in many countries showed his revelations were helping to bring about change.
"Instead of causing damage, the usefulness of the new public knowledge for society is now clear because reforms to politics, supervision and laws are being suggested," he wrote.
"Citizens have to fight against the suppression of information about affairs of essential importance for the public.
"Those who speak the truth are not committing a crime."
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